Hello,
I was able to replicate the issue you reported of changing the ProductID in the Child Product Details module will allow you to view a Master Product which haven't been enabled to be shared between catalogs. Keep in mind that a for a regular user it is not is a not a very common scenario for users and would be considered more of a “hack” probably in the one percentile. That being said, you may have come across a limitation on something that wasn't programmed into the cart yet but I have added this issue to our Dev Roadmap to be addressed in a future release.
If you would like to have this item prioritized into programming right away please submit a quote request at the following link. It is not required that you sponsor this change, just if you would immediate attention to the issue you reported:
https://www.smith-consulting.com/services/requestaquote.aspx
Please let me know if you have any questions.